有机肥与无机肥配施对菜地土壤N2O排放及其来源的影响

该研究采用同位素自然丰度法,通过室内培养试验研究北京地区菜地有机肥和无机肥配施对土壤释放N2O及同位素位嗜值SP（site preference）的影响,以期获得不同肥料及其配比下土壤N2O的来源及变化规律。结果表明：施用无机肥释放的N2O显著高于有机肥,其累积排放量是有机肥的6.63倍,且无机肥施用比例越高,排放量越大;各肥料组合在施用后7天内均以反硝化作用生成N2O为主,贡献最高达到78.89%,SP为6.97‰,之后硝化作用逐渐增强并成为主要途径,最高占比达76.48%,SP为25.24‰;培养期内施用无机肥可以促进反硝化作用,平均占比52.98%,SP为15.52‰,而有机肥会使硝化作用增强,平均占比71.35%,SP为23.55‰。因此,在北京潮褐土地区菜地土壤施用有机肥对N2O有良好的减排效果,可为蔬菜生产中肥料的合理应用提供科学依据。     

土壤浸提液中硝酸盐氮氧同位素组成的反硝化细菌法测定

本研究优化了采用反硝化细菌法同时测定土壤浸提液中硝酸盐氮氧同位素组成的方法。在已有研究结果的基础上,通过采用5000~8000 r·min-1的转速离心、高纯氮气吹扫1 h、减少加样量及改造仪器自动进样器等措施对已发表方法进行了优化。对国际标准样品USGS34的分析表明,0.1~0.8μg NO-3-N样品量即可以得到较稳定、准确的测定值和校正值;同一时间内制备的硝酸盐δ15N的SD介于0.05‰~0.09‰之间,δ18O的SD介于0.28‰~0.48‰之间;在三个月之内δ15N和δ18O的测定值基本一致,表明该方法具有较好的准确度、精密度和稳定性。通过研究浸提剂、保存条件以及加热对测定土壤浸提液中硝酸盐氮氧同位素组成的影响,结果表明:常用的去离子水、KCl、Ca Cl2可能都含有微量的硝酸盐,随着加样量增大,浸提剂中含有的硝酸盐可能就会影响δ15N和δ18O的测定;对于土壤硝酸盐的浸提液,冷冻保存效果较好,保证了土壤硝酸盐氮氧同位素的准确性和稳定性;尽管加热对硝酸盐标准样品USGS34和IAEA-NO3的δ15N没有显著影响,但δ18O显著升高,说明加热易引起氧同位素分馏;而土壤硝酸盐浸提液样品加热前后的δ15N和δ18O的测定值没有显著变化,因此为避免产生氧同位素分馏和节省测试时间,建议同时测定土壤浸提液硝酸盐δ15N和δ18O时直接和反硝化细菌反应。应用本方法对不同肥料处理田间土壤浸提液硝酸盐的氮氧同位素组成进行了测定。     

小麦新品种长4738的丰产性 稳产性及适应性分析

根据2004-2005年国家北部冬麦区水地组小麦区域试验汇总资料,采用方差分析、高稳系数、变异系数、适应度、品种稳定性与适应性（Cosolin）等多种分析方法,对长4738的丰产性、稳产性和适应性进行了分析比较。结果表明：长4738具有丰产性突出、稳产性好和适应性广的特点,在我国北部冬麦区广大水地示范推广具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于稳定同位素的江苏近海金乌贼摄食生态研究

为进一步掌握江苏近海金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)种群生活史特征，根据在江苏沿海港口所采集的样本，利用碳氮稳定同位素分析法对金乌贼的摄食生态及营养生态位进行了研究。结果表明，金乌贼雌、雄群体间 13C和 15N值均不存在显著性差异；金乌贼的 值与胴长之间相关性不显著， 值与胴长之间存在显著相关性；雄性金乌贼营养生态位宽度（SEAc=0.57‰2）与雌性（SEAc=0.63‰2）无明显差异，雌性略大于雄性，且两者高度重叠（0.62）。同位素聚类分析显示，可将金乌贼个体分为75~114mm、115~184mm和185~204mm三个胴长组；185~204mm胴长组营养生态位宽度最大（SEAc=1.77‰2），75~114mm胴长组营养生态位宽度最小（SEAc=0.39‰2）；仅75~114mm和115~184mm胴长组间生态位重叠率为中度重叠（0.34），其余胴长组间生态位重叠率低。分析认为，金乌贼δ13C值的变化主要受同位素基线值和金乌贼洄游模式影响，而δ15N值的变化主要受金乌贼摄食作用影响；雌性和雄性金乌贼群体之间食物资源和栖息地利用高度相似；不同发育阶段的金乌贼在营养生态位上具有明显差异。     

Relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination and water use efficiency under regulated deficit irrigation of pear-jujube tree

To investigate the relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of different organs and water use efficiency (WUE) under different water deficit levels, severe, moderate and low water deficit levels were treated at bud burst to leafing, flowering to fruit set, fruit growth and fruit maturation stages of field grown pear-jujube tree, and leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_L) at different growth stages and fruit stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_F) at fruit maturation stage were measured. The results indicated that water deficit had significant effect on Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage. As compared with full irrigation, the average Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage were decreased by 1.23% and 2.67% for different water deficit levels, respectively. Δ_L and Δ_F among different water deficit treatments had significant difference at the same growth stage (P < 0.05). Under different water deficit conditions, significant relationships between the Δ_L and WUE_i (photosynthesis rate/transpiration rate, P_n/T_r), WUE_n (photosynthesis rate/stomatal conductance of CO_2, P_n/g_s), WUE_y (yield/crop water consumption, Y/ET_c) and yield, or between the Δ_F and WUE_y and yield were found, respectively. There were significantly negative correlations of Δ_L with WUE_i, WUE_n, WUE_y and yield (P < 0.01) at the fruit maturation stage, or Δ_L with WUE_i and WUE_n (P < 0.01) over whole growth stage, respectively. Δ_F was negatively correlated with WUE_y, WUE_n and yield (P < 0.05), but positively correlated with ET_c (P < 0.01) over the whole growth stage. Thus Δ_L or Δ_F can compare WUE_n and WUE_y, so the stable carbon isotope discrimination method can be applied to evaluate the water use efficiency of pear-jujube tree under the regulated deficit irrigation.     

冬小麦各生育期~(14)C-光合产物的分配与再分配

利用示踪同位素碳~(14)研究了冬生长阶段光合产物的分配以及冬后各阶段的连续分配情况.结果表明,光合产物生成后,分配并不停止.在冬后各阶段观察到存在着连续再分配.连续分配中心从地下根系、分蘖节、主茎叶,逐渐向上,直至穗部.然而,除了该中心外,其它器官或组织也能获得一定数量的光合产物.     

Associations between grain yield and carbon isotope discrimination in cowpea

Twenty cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes, comprising Kenyan cultivars and Kenyan and introduced breedings lines, were grown in 15 replicated field trials carried out at three locations in semi-arid eastern Kenya over four seasons. Grain and straw yields and the carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of this material were determined, and days to flowering and maturity observed.None of the seasons in which the trials were conducted was appreciably drier than the long term average for the sites, and some trials received excessive rain. Averaging the data for the 15 trials, one genotype yielded much less grain (77 g m⁻²) than the 19 others, whose yield ranged from 125 to 177 g m⁻² (average 148 g m⁻²). Trial mean yield trials had a high straw Δ (r = +0.567) and had received more rain between flowering and maturity (r = +0.428) than lower yielding ones. Among genotypes, averaging over trials, the correlation coefficient (r) between grain yield and grain Δ was +0.394, and between grain yield and straw Δ, +0.460. Early genotypes had the highest grain Δ and straw Δ. The correlation among genotypes between date of flowering and grain Δ was −0.632 and with straw Δ, −0.502. When comparisons were made among trials, there was no clear relationship between the strength of the correlations among genotypes between grain yield and straw Δ or grain Δ and the degree of stress experienced by a trial (as indicated by the rainfall it had received). It appeared that this was because the variances of grain Δ and straw Δ were greater in the most droughted trials, whereas the variance of yield was greatest in the least droughted trials.It is concluded that the genetic correlation between grain yield and either grain Δ or straw Δ is unlikely to be strong enough to make either Δ a useful surrogate or adjunct in selecting for high yield in the segregating generations of a breeding programme for semi-arid eastern Kenya, but that Δ may be of value in the selection of parent genotypes.     

土壤容重对土壤供氮能力及棉花吸收利用氮素的影响

本文应用~(15)N示踪法研究不同土壤容重对土壤供氮能力及棉花吸氮的影响。阐明了丘陵黄棕壤地区棉花低产的原因是棉田土壤容重过大,使土壤的供氮能力——A_N值显著下降,棉株对氮素养分的吸收量减少,而且延缓了氮素养分由营养器官向生殖器官的转运。降低土壤容重是挖掘丘陵黄棕壤地区棉田增产潜力的有效施施。     

Carbon and nitrogen degradation on molecular scale of grass-derived pyrogenic organic material during 28 months of incubation in soil

The present study focuses on the microbial recalcitrance of pyrogenic organic material (PyOM) on a molecular scale. We performed microcosm incubation experiments using ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-enriched grass-derived PyOM mixed with a sub soil material taken from a Haplic Cambisol. Solid-state ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR studies were conducted to elucidate the humification processes at different stages of PyOM degradation. The chemical structure of the remaining PyOM after incubation was clearly different from the initial pyrogenic material. The proportion of O-containing functional groups was increased, whereas that of aryl C and of N-containing heterocyclic structures had decreased, probably due to mineralisation and conversion to other C and N groups. After 20 months of incubation the aryl C loss reached up to 40% of the initial amount and up to 29% of the remaining PyOM C was assigned to carboxyl/carbonyl C and O-aryl C. These reactions alter the chemical and physical properties of the char residue and make it more available for further microbial attack but also for adsorption processes. Our study presents direct evidence for the degradation of N-heterocyclic domains in charred plant remains adding new aspects to the understanding of the N cycling in fire-affected ecosystems.     

ABA对水稻花后剑叶光合产物输配作用的示踪动力学研究

运用示踪动力学分析方法,分析 ABA 涂稻穗及剑叶后,剑叶中几种光合产物的变化,发现 ABA 涂稻穗后,能抑制剑叶中暂不输配物质的形成,对可输配物质的形成与光合产物的输出速率具促进作用。ABA 涂剑叶后,对暂不输配物质、结构物质与呼吸消耗具抑制作用,对可输配物质的形成具促进作用。